Steel-skeleton concrete construction.



G. A. P. TURNER.

STEEL SKELETON CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.

urmornon FILED mm: 11,1907.

1 ,0O3,384:. Patented Sept. 12, 1911.

6 8HEETSSHEET 1.

G. A. P. TURNER.

STEEL SKELETON OONGBETE CONSTRUCTION. APPLIOATION'IILED JUNE 11, 1907.

1,003,384. I 'Patentedfiept'. 12,1911

' 6 BHEETB-BHEET 2.

INVENTDFI p6, iw

1L 1 9 2 1 M. e S m m a P 0. A. P. TURNER. STEEL SKELETON CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 11, 1907. 1,003,384.

3 T B E. H Y J 5 E K 3 6 G. A. P. TURNER.

STEEL'SKELETON CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 11,1907.

Patented Sept. 12,1911.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

WITNESSES lNVENTEIH fifi E- M 0. A. P. TURNER.

sTEEL SKELETON CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 11, 1907.

Patented Sept. 12, 1911.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

0. A. P. TURNER.

STEEL SKELETON CONCRETE GONSTRUGTION.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 11,.1907.

1 3,38% Patented Sept. 12,1911.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 6.

AAA A CLAUDE A. r. TURNER, or MINNEAroLIs, MI NEsOTA.

STEEL-SKELETON CONCRETE ooNsTRUoTIoN.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Sept. 12, 1911.

Continuation of application Serial No. 242,431, filed January 23, 1905. This application filed June 11, 1907.

' Serial No. 378,444.

I To all whom "it may concern:

Be it known that I, GLAUDE'A. P. TUR- NER, of Minneapolis, in the county of Hennepin and State of Minnesota,have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Steel Skeleton Concrete Construction, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to buildings or structures erected of reinforced concrete, and the object of my invention is to provide a column and slab or floor construction, requiring a minimum of concrete and reinforce- 'ment','but having all necessary strength, to

the end that the cost of erection,; both in respect to material and time required, may be substantially reduced and to secure certain important advantages which result from the structure which may be produced in accordance with my invention.

My invention is clearly illustrated in the accompanying drawings, fully desc ibed in the following paragraphs of this secification, and particularly referred to in the subjoined claims.

In the drawing, Figure 1 is a fragmen-. tary side elevation of a reinforced column and fioor slab, constructed in accordance with my. invention, the reinforcement being shown by dotted lines; Fig. 2 a detail thereof, being a cross section of Fig.1 taken on the line 22; Fig. 3 a top or plan view of the column reinforcement, and portions of the fioor slab reinforcement belonging therewith; Fig. 4 another fragmentary side elevation of a reinforced column and floor slab, constructed in accordance with my invention, but of modified construct-ion, the reinforcement also being shown by dotted lines; Fig. 5 a detail thereof, being a cross section of Fig. 4 taken on the line 55; Fig. 6 a top or plan view of the column reinforcement and portions of the floor slab rein forcement belonging therewith; Fig. 7 still another fragmentary side elevation of a reinforced column and floor slab, constructed in accordance with my invention, but of another modified construction, the reinforce-y ment being likewise shown by dotted lines; Fig. 8 a detail being a cross section of Fig. 7 taken on the line 8-8; Fig. S) a top plan view of'the column reinforcement, and of the floor slab reinforcement belonging therevation of a column and fioor slab, constructed in accordance with my invention, but of modified construction, the reinforcement llkewise shown by dotted lines; Fig. 11 a detail thereof, being a cross section of Fig.

10 taken on the line 11-11; Fig. 12 a top or nations of twov or more of them; for example, when the column reinforcement con.- sists of the banded and bound Vertical rods 0., as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, I bend the said rods a outward at the top of the column A, and extend the laterally bent portions o thereof horizontally, as shown in Fig. 3; but where the column reinforcement consists of the banded and bound bars 6, of structural steel, as shown in'Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7 8 and 9 (bars too rigid to be practically bent) I employ the elbow ribs 0 shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 14, the vertical portions 0' of which I arrange within the column A, and the horizontal portions 0 of which I'arrang'e within the floor slab B, as shown in Figs. 4' and 7, which elbow ribs thereby become parts-of both the column and the floor slab reinforcement.

. Upon the horizontal portions (1 of. the vertical rods a constituting the column reinforcement shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, upon the horizontal portions 0 of the elbow ribs 0, shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 13, or upon the band 41 at the top of the reinforcement of the column A, I arrange the carry ing rings-e shown in Figs. 3, 6 and 13, or the transverse bars 7 shown in Figs. 9 and 14. Upon these carrying rings e shown in -Figs. 3, 6 and 13, or upon the transverse carrying bars f shown in Figs. 9, 12 and 14, I arrange the direct, transverse and diagonal rods 7' shown in Figs. 12, 13 and 14, which rods constitute the major portion of 'my floor slab reinforcement. with; Fig. 10 another fragmentary side ele- A description in detail-of each form of construction herein shown is as follows.

By reference to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawing, it will be seen that the column reinforcement consists of a number of ver- 'tical rods a (usually eight) which rods are arranged in'a circle, the diameter of which is nearly as large as that of the column to be molded thereupon. These vertical rods (a) are united at intervals intermediate their length, by means of the bands 11, said bands being secured to the vertical rods a,- by means of U-shaped bows or yokes h, which bowsv or yokes are secured thereto by means of the clamping nuts 5. These vertical rods (1. I bend outwardly at the top of the column A, and arrange the laterally bent portions a thereof radially as. shown in Fig. 3, which laterally bent portions extend into, and constitute a part of the floor slab reinforcement. Upon the radially arranged portions 0," of the column reinforce- 20 ment 1, I place the carrying rings e, shown in Figs. 3, 6 and 13, or the carrying bars 1'',

shown in Figs. 7 9, 12 and 14, upon which rings bars in turn, I lay the direct, transverse zihhdiagonal rods 9', shown. in Figs. 12, 13 an 14, ,which rods constitute the major portion of the floor slab reinforcement.

The width ofeach group or belt of rods is at least the .diameteror substantially the diameter of the framework at the, top of the column by which'the groupor belt is supported, and has such proportion to the distance from center to center of two "nearest columns that the whole or substanreinforcing means so that the slab acts as a theoretical flat plate. Such proportion may be a width equal substantiallyorapproximately to one half the distance from 4 center to center of two columns nearest each other, as illustrated in Fig. 13 of the drawings. With the belts of reinforcement extending from column to" column in groups of four columns, the reinforcements lap over each column in at least a four-fold layer, giving to the structure great stiffness and strength both in respect to the matter of supporting the slab under. load and under lateral strains. Where the diagonal belts cross, there'is a two-fold layer, and where the belts extend directly .there is a single layer at midlength of the belt between two columns.

By reference to Figs. 4, 5 and 6 of the drawing, it will be seen that the column reinforcement consists of a group or series of angle bars 70 (structural steel) which bars (like the vertical rods a) are united at intervals intermediate their .length b means of the transverse tie-plates Z, whic tie plates are arranged in two series, each alternate plate constituting one of the said series, and each alternate late constituting the other one of the sai series, the first named series being arranged' transversely tially the whole of the slab-is traversed by' to the last named series. These plates are secured to the vertical bars k by means of the rivets n, and the vertical bars are bound at their upper ends by means of the band d. In this construction I employ the elbow-ribs c,'arranging their vertical por, tions 0 within the band (1, and among the vertical bars k, which constitute the major part of the column reinforcement, and the horizontal portions 0 of which Iarrange radially, as shown in Fig. 6. Upon the radially arranged portions 0 of the elbow ribs 0, I place carrying rings e, and on the latter I lay the direct, transverse and diagonal rods j shown in Figs. 12, 1 3 and 14, 30 which rods constitute the major part of the floor slab reinforcement.

By referring to Figs. 7, 8 and 9 o'f the drawing,- it will be seen that, while the column reinforcement consists of vertical bars of structural steel, the construction difi'ers somewhat from the construction shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6, inasmuch as the column reinforcement consists of three bars 0, of structural steel, I-shaped in cross section, called usually I-beams. In this construction, (as in the construction shown in Figs.-4, 5 and 6) -I employ elbow ribs 0 above described, and arrange thereupon the carrying ringse, shown in Figs. 3, 5 and 13, or other equivalent carrying bars f shown in Figs. 9, 12 and 14. In this construction I perforate the ,upper portions of the vertical bars 0,. and pass one or more of the carry- I ing bars 1 through the said vertical bars 0,100 as shown in Figs. 7 and 9, thereby binding a portion of the reinforcement of the floor slab B, to the reinforcement of the column A. In this construction "the elbow ribs 0 may be dispensed with and the direct, trans- 105 verse and diagonal reinforcin rods j be laid directly upon the carrying bars f. This construction is practically adapted for use in the quarter round supports p at the corners of the room, and the half round 1 v supports 9, lying between them,' which supports are adapted to receive the ends of the direct, transverse and diagonal rodsj where the same abut the walls of a roomor building.

. By referring to Figs 1O, 11 and 12 of the drawing, it Wlll be seen, that while the column reinforcement consists of banded and bound rods, 'it differs from the construction shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, inasmuch .as I do not bend the vertical rods constituting the column reinforcement horizontally, to constitute""a part of the floor slab reinforcement as in the first construction described. In this modification, I preferably employ eight vertical rods 1' arranged in the order shown in the two parallel series of three members each, and a pair of rods arranged between the said parallel series, all

' of the eight rods r being bound at their upper portions and at intervals intermediate their length by means of the bands is, and four of the rods 1" being similarly bound, by means of the bands 8, lying diagonally to the first-named band 8. Upon the upper bands 8 and s, l arrange the transverse rods or bars 7' shown in Figs. 12 and it, upon which bars or rods ll arrange the direct, transverse and diagonal rods j shown in Figs. 13 and 14;.

Any or all of these forms relate to and properly belong to my invention, inasmuch as they have been suggested to my mind while in the capacity of an engineer l have been supervising the erection of structures of considerable magnitude in this and other countries.

By my construction, wherein a capital or enlargement is formed on the column, or in one piece therewith, and by the employment of my reinforcement, ll am able to dispense with the use of beams on the under side of the floor slab This is an immense advantage in every way. lit is economical in the use of concrete; it is also economical in that it renders unnecessary the expensive forms for making the beams, and it means greater rapidity of worlr.- As far as the finished structure is concerned, the absence of beams on the under side of the floor slab, enables partitions to be placed anywhere that it may be found desirable to place them. It results in better illumination from the windows, and there are no dirt-collecting corners, which exist where beams or ployed.

Another very important advantage resulting from the provision of a ceiling that is smooth, or free from beams or projections, is in the matter of lire protection. In fighting a fire with a stream of water from a hose, the obstruct-ion ofiered by ribs or beams is obviously serious, since a rib may nooae'sa girders are emstop short a stream of water, whereas a flat.

smooth surface against which the stream is directed at an angle, will deflect and spread the water, causing it to descend to the' floor over a wide area and to the best possible advantage. Where sprinkler heads are used in a ceiling, the cost of equipment by such a system of fire protectionis substantially reduced, because fewer sprinkler heads are required with a flat or smooth ceiling than one where there are beams or ribs on the under side of the celhng. Tn warehouses or s1m1-. lar buildings, my IIIVBIIUOII is of spec1al value because in order to afford aisles or passageways, the load is naturally concentrated around the columns, and it is at these points, where the load therefore is greatest, that the greatest strength of the'structure exists, by reason of the enlarged capitals of the columns, and their integral construction or formation with the slabs, and the heavy I column has the form of a circumferential reinforcementsof the structure immediately column.

at and adjacent to the column. The provision of the capitals on the columns by grad ually increasing the diameter of the columns at the top, and making them and the slab an integral mass, takes care" of the compression of the concrete which is the greatest over the columns.

As will be seen by reference to the drawings, the rods forming the framework or head at the top of the column extend laterally into the slab substantial distances beyond the sides of the column, and as the rods are anchored in or supported at their inner ends by the column structure, the arrange ment is that of a cantaliver, so that l avail myself of a cantaliver for supporting the slab. The @cantaliver action or effect may,

however, be obtained otherwise than by stopping the anchored ends of the rods that form the cantaliver 1n or at the column.

'Thus rods could be extended on both sides of a. column, and terminated at the desired points on both sides thereof; or across sev- 'eral columns, and projected at the free ends directly to the supports instead of around a corner, so to speak, as where beams are used.

Reinforced concrete is not a homogeneous material, but a composite of two difierent materials-concrete and metalpossessing the marked difierences or characteristics that the concrete like stone is suitable for compression but relatively weak and unreliable in tension, while steel is thoroughly reliable in tension. An analysis of the general charactercof the stresses involved, con sidering for simplicity a homogeneous plate, will make clear the character and the purpose and action of the reinforcement con.- structed and arranged to embody my invention. In the case of such a plate, and considering a section through the plate circular in form concentric with the column, and within the point of contraflexure, the effect of a uniform load upon the plate is to defleet it downward around the support or The stresses resulting are both radial in outward directions from the column, and circular along lines concentric with the column. In the composite plate of concrete and steel a simple plate of steel or cantaliver that takes care of these complex stresses and runs-in multiple directions across the top of the column and into the slab and is situated in the tension zones in the slab. Besides the unreliability of concrete in tension, it is unreliable in shear in its partially cured condition. This renders desirable the use of reinforcement near the columns or supports to take care of shear, in addition to the belts of small rods "that are employedfor the slab reinforcement, and

i for this purpose I rovide the framework of rods extending at t e to of the column into the slab, and on said amework carrying rods are arranged as a convenient means of holding the slab-rods at the desired level in the slab. Of course, these additional rods add to the strength of the structure when it is thoroughly hardened.

Referring to the fiat central plate, or the suspended slab portion, there is practically no bending moment atthe center and the maximum stress occurs at one side of the center in a diagonal direction rather than the central portion. This distribution of stress greatly reduces the coeflicient of bendmg and enables the use of a slab of less .cantaliver in resisting circular and radial stresses. Thus afloor slab in which there are depressions, or cut away portions in the under surface, or ceiling, at the central portion or other intermediate portions of the panels, sothat the slab is thinner at such central, or other intermediate portions,

either for architectural effect, or to save material, if reinforced in accordance with my invention, is such a floor as is contem plated by the expression flat plate floorl As this application possesses matter in common with an application filed by me January 23, 1905, Serial Number 242,431 it is to be treated as a continuation of said prior application as far as the common subject matter is concerned.

Bythe term circumferential? appearing in the claims, I do not'mean a form that is necessarily circular, but a form or shape,

whether circular or pol gonal, that has the characteristic of exten ing in every direction outwardly from the column axis. In the drawings I illustrate forms that are angular as well as round, which it be a column-supported flat seen by this explanation, are comprehended within the term circumferential.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is- 1. An arrangement of reinforcement for a column-supported flat plate floor of concrete, comprising a plurality of circumferential cantaliver members, respectively situated in the upper part of the slab at the columns and projectlng therefrom, and reinforcing means extending from member to member in multiple directions through the space between said members, and filling, or substantially filling such space.

2. An arrangement of reinforcement for a column-supported flat plate floor of concrete, comprising a plurality of circumferential cantaliver frames, each composed of crossed rods situated in the upper part of the slab at the columns, res ctively, and extending across and outward belts of rods extending from frame to frame in multiple directions, and filling -or substantially filling the space between them.

3. An arrangement of reinforcement for crete, comp'rlsing a plura ity of open-work circumferential frames situated toward the top of-the floor plate, and concentric with the columns, respectively, and extending therefrom outward into the slab, and belts of slab reinforcements extending in multiple direction through the space between said frames, and covering the area therebetween.

4. An arrangement of reinforcement for a column-supported flat plate floor of concrete, comprising multiple belts ofrods extending from column to column, and passing over the columns in the upper art of the floor, portions of said belts being beyond the columns on opposite sides and forming cantalivers, the cantaliver-forming portion of one belt forming a support for rods of another belt, the area between the columns being covered, or substantially covered by reinforcements.

5. An arrangement of reinforcement for a column-supported fiat plate floor of concrete, comprising multiple belts of rods that extend from column to column in two directions directly, and in two directions diagonally, portions of said belts being beyond the columns on opposite sides and forming cantalivers, the rods running in intersecting directions crossin at the columns in the npper part of the floor, and the cantaliver-forming portions of rods of one belt supporting rods of another belt, the area between the columns being covered, or substantially covered, by reinforcements.

6. In an arrangement of reinforcement for a column-supported flat plate floor of concrete, the combination of vertical columnreinforcing bars, all of which terminate at and are bent laterally into the floor slab,

therefrom, andlate floor of con- 7. In a structure of reinforced concrete comprising columns and flat plate floors, the

combination of belts of rods extending from column to column having cantaliver ends projecting beyond the columns in two directions, of supplemental diagonal belts 'of rods of suflicient widths to substantially cover the remaining area between the columns and supported by the first named belts, said rods being toward the top of the slab at'the columns and toward'the bottom of the slab between the columns, substantially as described.

8. In a reinforced concrete structure, consisting of; floors of concrete supported by columns the combination of a. circumferential cantaliver frame at the top of the columns, consisting of crossed rods, belts of rods extending from frame to frame, a belt being substantially the width of the frame, said belts substantially covering the area between columns, and said belts of rods being nearer the bottom of the slab between supports, and the cantaliver frame being nearer the top of the slab.

9. In a reinforced concrete structure consisting of flat floor slab supported by columns, the combination of a head of widespreading reinforcement at the top of the column, consisting of elbow rods anchored in the column, carrying-rods supported on the elbow rods, and'supplemental slab reinforcement supported thereby and radiating into the slab in every direction.

10. In a structure of reinforced concrete comprising columns, and a fiat plate floor slab, the combination of an open frame consisting of crossed rods at the top of a column exten ing partially into the slab contiguous to the .column, and belts of rods extending.

cross-wise of said'open frame-and passing through the slab directly and diagonally in straight lines from column to column. 11. The combination of concrete columns, and a flat plate floor slab of concrete supported directly thereon, horizontally arranged bars in the slab at the top of the columns, and supported thereby with their free ends extending outward into the slab from the columns forming cantalivers, and belts of reinforcement extending in multiple directions through the slab from support to support, and supported by said cantalivers. 12. In a' monollthic concrete structure, the combination of a concrete slab having a smooth ceiling or under surface, columns of concrete having capitals integral with the columns and integral with the slab, and directly supporting the slab, reinforcing bars extending verticallyv through the colcontinuously extending, bars extendingvertically through the columns, and horizontally from the upper ends thereof into the slab at the head of the columns, and horizontally extending bars in the slab supported on the column reinforcing bars.

L 14. In a monolithic concrete structure, the combination of a concrete slab having a smooth -ceiling or under surface, columns of concrete, reinforcing bars extending vertically through the columns, and horizontally from the upper ends thereof into the slab,

and horizontally extending barsin the slab supported by the column-reinforcing bars.

15. .The combination of columns of concrete, and a' flat plate floor slab of concrete supported directly thereon, belts of rein forcement extending between the columns, the width of each belt being substantially the same as one half the distance between two columns that are nearest each other, and an open framework at the tops of the columns supporting said belts of reinforcement and having a' width substantially the same as the width of a belt.

16. The combination of concrete columns, and a flat plate floor slab of concrete supported directly thereon, horizontally arranged open frames embedded in the con crete at the top of the columns extending transversely of the column a'xis, belts ofreinforcement extending in multiple directions through the slab from column to column and supported by said frame, the belts being of a width to substantially cover the area between the columns.

17 In a reinforced concrete structure, the combination of supports, consisting of columns of concrete, and a flat plate floor slab of concrete supported directly thereon, belts of reinforcement extending through the slab to the supports in four directions, said reinforcements having a thickness of four belts over the support in the upper part of the slab, a thicknessof two belts in a diagonal direction midway between the supports I in the-bottom part of the slab, a thickness of one belt midway between the supports directly from one support to the other in the lower part of the slab, and a set 'of re inforcements extending transversely of the column axis and projecting beyond thetops of the columns. v

18. In a steel'skeleton .concrete construc-' tion, the combination o'f'a vertically reinforced column and a floor. supported there by, the vertical reinforcingv bars of the said column being bent laterally outward and extended radially into said-floor, carrying :ba-rs' resting upon and supported by the horizontal portions of said laterally bent bars, and'horizo'ntal bars in said floor arranged upon said carrying bars, said reinforcing bars extending directly from column to column substantially as shown and described. g

19. In 'steel skeleton concrete construc- -t1on, the combination of a vertically rein-- .forced column the column reinforcement consisting of verti'cally extending bars, and

-' a'flooruslab supported thereby, said column "reinforcing bars being bent laterally and extending-into the said 'fioor slab, carrying I bars arranged upon the laterally bentqportion of said column reinforcement, andflo'or slab reinforcing bars arranged" upon the said carrying .bars' and extending directly :and diagonally from column to column as shown;

*..-20."In areinforced concrete construction,

the combination of a floor slab and a verti-- 'cally" reinforced column having vertical really into the floor-slab, carrying bars arranged and supported on thelaterally bent portions of said bars, and direct and diagonal reinforcement in the slabs from column: to column.

22. The combination of a vertically. reinforced concrete column, and a concrete floor supported thereby, the vertical reinforcing bars of the said column bei bent laterally outward and extended radial y'into the said slab, carryingbars resting upon and supported by the horizontal portions of the said laterally bent bars, and horizontal bars infithe said floor arranged upon the said carrying bars, said reinforcing bars extending directly,from column to column, substantially as shown and described.

' 23. The combination of concrete columns, a concrete floor supported thereby, having a-smooth ceilin or under surface, vertically extending reinforcing members in the columns, reinforcing members that extend in'acircular series concentric with the columns and into the floor at the top of the column, and horizontally extending reinforcing members in the floor supported by said circular series of reinforcln members, and extending therefrom into't e floor.

24. The combination of a concrete column comprising a series of vertical bars,"means connecting said bars and forming a framework therewith, a framework at the top of the column extending laterally outward in different directions, and consisting of a series of radial members and concentric circular members supported by the radial members, and a concrete slab supported by the column and integral with the column.

CLA DE A. P. TURNER. Witnesses;

' 'A. M.'BRYAN, D. L. TH'oMPsoN. 

